What Was the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

The Kansas-Nebraska Act was devised as a compromise over slavery in 1854, as the nation was beginning to be torn apart in the decade before the Civil War. Power brokers on Capitol Hill hoped it would  reduce tensions and perhaps provide a lasting political solution to the contentious issue. Yet when it was passed into law in 1854, it had the opposite effect. It led to increased violence over slavery in Kansas, and it hardened positions across the nation. The Kansas-Nebraska Act was a major step on the road to Civil War. Opposition to it changed the political landscape across the nation. And it also had a profound effect on one particular American, Abraham Lincoln, whose political career was reinvigorated by his opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Roots of the Problem The issue of slavery had caused a series of dilemmas for the young nation as new states joined the Union. Should slavery be legal in new states, specifically the states that would be in the area of the Louisiana Purchase? The issue was settled for a time by the Missouri Compromise. That piece of legislation, passed in 1820, simply took the southern border of Missouri, and essentially extended it westward on the map. New states to the north of it would be free states, and new states to the south of the line would be slave states. The Missouri Compromise held things in balance for a time, until a new set of problems emerged following the Mexican War. With Texas, the southwest, and California now territories of the United States, the issue of whether new states in the west would be free states or slave states became prominent. Things seemed to be settled for a time when the Compromise of 1850 was passed. Included in that legislation were provisions bringing California into the Union as a free state and also allowing residents of New Mexico to decide whether to be a slave or free state. Reasons for the Kansas-Nebraska Act The man who devised the Kansas-Nebraska Act in early 1854, Senator Stephen A. Douglas, actually had a fairly practical goal in mind: the expansion of railroads. Douglas, a New Englander who had transplanted himself to Illinois, had a grand vision of railroads crossing the continent, with their hub being in Chicago, in his adopted home state. The immediate problem was that the huge wilderness to the west of Iowa and Missouri would have to be organized and brought into the Union before a railroad to California could be built. And holding everything up was the country’s perennial debate over slavery. Douglas himself was opposed to slavery but did not have any great conviction about the issue, perhaps because he had never actually lived in a state where slavery was legal. Southerners did not want to bring in a single large state that would be free. So Douglas came up with the idea of creating two new territories, Nebraska and Kansas. And he also proposed the principle of â€Å"popular sovereignty,† under which the residents of the new territories would vote on whether slavery would be legal in the territories. Controversial Repeal of the Missouri Compromise One problem with this proposal is that it contradicted the Missouri Compromise, which had been holding the country together for more than 30 years. And a southern senator, Archibald Dixon of Kentucky, demanded that a provision specifically repealing the Missouri Compromise be inserted into the bill Douglas proposed. Douglas gave in to the demand, though he reportedly said it would â€Å"raise a hell of a storm.† He was right. The repeal of the Missouri Compromise would be seen as inflammatory by a great many people, particularly in the north. Douglas introduced his bill in early 1854, and it passed the Senate in March. It took weeks to pass the House of Representatives, but it was finally signed into law by President Franklin Pierce on May 30, 1854. As news of its passage spread, it became clear that the bill which was supposed to be a compromise to settle tensions was actually doing the opposite. In fact, it was incendiary. Unintended Consequences The provision in the Kansas-Nebraska Act calling for popular sovereignty, the idea that residents of the new territories would vote on the issue of slavery, soon caused major problems. Forces on both sides of the issue began arriving in Kansas, and outbreaks of violence resulted. The new territory was soon known as Bleeding Kansas, a name bestowed upon it by Horace Greeley, the influential editor of the New York Tribune. Open violence in Kansas reached a peak in 1856 when pro-slavery forces burned the free soil settlement of Lawrence, Kansas. In response, the fanatical abolitionist John Brown and his followers murdered men who supported slavery. The bloodshed in Kansas even reached the halls of Congress, when a South Carolina Congressman, Preston Brooks, attacked abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts, beating him with a cane on the floor of the US Senate. Opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act Opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act organized themselves into the new Republican Party. And one particular American, Abraham Lincoln, was prompted to re-enter politics. Lincoln had served one unhappy term in Congress in the late 1840s  and had put his political aspirations aside. But Lincoln, who had known and sparred in Illinois with Stephen Douglas before, was so offended by what Douglas had done by writing and passing the Kansas-Nebraska Act that he began speaking out at public meetings. On October 3, 1854, Douglas appeared at the Illinois State Fair in Springfield and spoke for more than two hours, defending the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Abraham Lincoln rose at the end  and announced that he would speak the next day in response. On October 4, Lincoln, who out of courtesy invited Douglas to sit on the stage with him, spoke for more than three hours denouncing Douglas and his legislation. The event brought the two rivals in Illinois back into nearly constant conflict. Four years later, of course, they would hold the famed Lincoln-Douglas debates while in the midst of a senate campaign. And while no one in 1854 may have foreseen it, the Kansas-Nebraska Act had set the nation hurtling toward an eventual Civil War.

Eating Disorders And African American Women - 1944 Words

Abstract This paper is in reference to eating disorders in African American women, and how they differ to those of other minority groups. Through research, it was found that eating disorders are not as known in African American women, or women of minority due to cultural differences. Different studies were analyzed of African American women at different colleges, to verify that eating disorders were prevalent in the sample groups. It was concluded in several studies that obesity rates, racial identity, and body image were the determining factors of the eating disorders. Introduction: Eating disorders is an issue that women have been facing throughout history, yet there are different factors that have been associated with African American women opposed to other racial groups. Research has been done to prove that environmental factors, cultural factors, different types of identity, and others are the cause of these disorders. It is possible African American Women might have different factors than women of other minorities, due to racial segregation and treatment throughout time. The objectification theory (Fredrickson and Roberts, 1997) suggests that today’s culture plays a significant role in viewing the female body as an object, which can lead to self-consciousness, mental health disorders, and eating disorders. Yet in specifically African American women, this can also cause shame of their racial identity in addition to body image.Show MoreRelatedAn Increase Of Eating Disorders Among African American Women Essay2244 Words   |  9 Pages In 1980, the first African American Barbie was introduced to the world , 21 years after the original Barbie was created. The African American doll had a small waist and skinny legs, which is similar to the original Caucasian Barbie. (Reel Soohoo, 2008) Many say that the creation of the first African American Barbie doll was the start of negative body image within the African American community. People say this because the new Barbie promoted certain societal views that are very much still presentRead MoreBody Image : The African American Culture1667 Words   |  7 PagesImage in the African American Culture Today we live in a society that over the years has become so obsessed with body image and how an individual should look. Different cultures have different standards and norms that help to define their ideal body image. African Americans because of their differences in culture have gone against most cultural norms and have set their own definitions of beauty, body image, and body satisfaction. 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With Black women being self-accepting of theirRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa974 Words   |  4 PagesI have always been intrigued with eating disorders, particularly Anorexia Nervosa. When I was 18 years of age, my mother questioned whether or not I was Anorexic and she took me to the family practitioner, who then informed me that I was three pounds shy from being considered underweight. I knew I was thin, but I was really thin, but also really proud of my size. In an African American urban environment being thin was related to illness and drug abuse. I was often teased about how thin and fragileRead MoreThe Relationship Between Ethnicity And Risk Factor For Eating Disorders1721 Words   |  7 Pagesfor Eating Disorders The relationship between ethnicity and eating disorder risk factors is a complex issue. There are many other variables that affect these two ideas, such as socioeconomic status, level of educational attainment, and acculturation. Flaws in studies such as unrepresentative and insubstantial sample size, and participation bias still have yet to be corrected for in order to obtain a more accurate understanding of the role ethnicity and its factors plays in eating disorders. PreviousRead MoreIncrease in Eating Disorder Victims Essay1623 Words   |  7 PagesIncrease in Eating Disorder Victims There are a number of eating disorders which many people suffer from, and most people may not even be aware that the way they eat could be classed as an eating disorder. Amongst the many disorders are the four most notable; binge eating, anorexia, bulimia and obesity. Another disorder vastly approaching the media limelight is bigorexia. The Eating Disorders Association defines this condition as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦outward signs of inner emotionalRead MoreEating Disorders : Bulimia Nervosa1383 Words   |  6 PagesBulimia Nervosa â€Å"Up to 30 million people of all ages and genders suffer from an eating disorder† (Wade, Keski- Rahkonen, Hudson, 1995). There are many factors which contribute to the development of eating disorders including â€Å"biology, emotional health, and societal expectation, and other issues† (â€Å"Diseases and Conditions Bulimia nervosa†). One of the most prominent eating disorders in America and around the globe has been around since the Middle Ages: â€Å"Bulimia is first reliably described amongRead MoreWhy Athletes Are Becoming An Elite Athlete909 Words   |  4 Pageswhether it be from alcohol and/or drug abuse, and eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or other disordered eating patterns. Both problems could be detrimental to the individual’s health and both raise ethical dilemmas for a coach to consider. In this paper we will further discuss the issues associated with both drug or substance abuse and eating disorders in athl etes. The first topic that will be discussed is an eating disorder known as Anorexia nervosa. Anorexia nervosas is

Dressing Appropriately Essay Example For Students

Dressing Appropriately Essay Dressing AppropriatelyIn high school, there were the preps, the skaters, and the burnouts, just to name a few. These groups were not only distinguished by the way they acted, but they were also differentiated by the way they dressed. By looking at a particular student in high school, one could probably infer the clique he/she belonged to. So if a person had on big, baggy pants with a oversized T-shirt that had a Etnies logo on it, one could conclude that person to be a skater and if a person had on khakis and a gap sweater, one could deduce that person to be a prep. What is a possible reason that high school students dress as they do? They might use clothing style as a sense of identity(clique) or maybe to stand out among others. I too, in high school, wanted to be included in a group and stand out. During my freshman and sophomore years, I became a skater. Also during this time in my life, my father introduced me to the game of golf. He bought me membership at an exclusive country club and the first day I went I was rejected obviously because of the way I dressed. Private golf courses require a strict rules of dress which is mandatory: khakis and a collared-shirt. Ironically and unknowingly I had gone to the course with an almost exact opposite of the requirements: 38 wide jean pants and an XXL t-shirt! Embarrassed by the situation, I began to realize that there are certain modes of dress appropriate for different occasions. Now, as a college student, I try to dress in a more stylish, refined manner because I want to stand out as a sophisticated student of a distinguished university. Reflecting on my past, I feel it is important to dress to meet the occasion. To clarify, I dont want to make the mistake off going to a golf course with skateboarding clothes again. Obviously this style of dress did not meet the occasion. I would not go to a formal party or job interview with jeans or to a golf course with cut off shorts or to a flamboyant night club dressed wearing khakis and a sweater, for if I did I would offend others. That is why there is no such thing as an appropriate style of dress(in general). There is though, a thing called an appropriate style of dress for a specific occasion.

Marriage as a Basic and Universal Social Institute

Table of Contents Introduction Changes in Marriage Reason for Changes Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Marriage and family are arguably the two institutes which form the fundamental building blocks of every human society. Sudha asserts that marriage is a basic and universal social institute that facilitates proper progeny and helps to have life long companionship and family life (198).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marriage as a Basic and Universal Social Institute specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is through the institute of marriage that the continuity of a nation through the children is guaranteed and for this reason, marriage has been regarded with high esteem in our nation. The government has come up with benefits and other incentives aimed at benefiting married couples. However, there has been a notable change in marriage in our society over the course of the last few decades. Most of these chang es have been as a result of advancements in the society as well as changing practices. Some of these changes have been monumental and have threatened the very stability of the institute while others have had little effect. This paper will set out to articulate the changes that characterize marriage in our modern society. This shall be done by highlighting the differences in past trends and modern trends in marriage. The factors that are responsible for these changes shall also be reviewed and the plausible future of the marriage institute in the USA predicted. Changes in Marriage One of the most notable changes in marriages in the American setting is with regard to divorce rates. Ruggel states that marital dissolutions have increased dramatically over the last century and while only 5% of marriages entered into in 1987 ended in divorce, a phenomenal 50% of marriages entered into in 1967 are forecasted to end up in divorce (455). This dramatic rise in divorce rates has been blamed on a number of factors most notably of which are the increases in the earning power of women in the USA. A research by Ruggles on the rise in divorce and separation cases in the US revealed that in districts that had more women than men working there was a higher likelihood of divorce and separation occurring (464). Another trend that has become evident is the rise in premarital cohabitation. Cohabitation is whereby couple live together and have a joint economic and emotional relationship but without the legalization of their union. Reinhold notes that as of the year 2002, studies revealed that more than 50% of women aged 19-44 in the US had ever cohabited in their lives(3). At the onset of the 20th century, cohabitation was rare and the society to a large extent did not approve of it. The rise in premarital cohabitation has mainly been as a result of acceptance of the same by a majority of the American population.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reinhold reveals that when cohabitation first emerged in the USA, it was mainly practiced by the less educated members of the society but that with time, the practice has extended to incorporate the American middle class(5). As such, this trend has become a precursor to marriage or in some cases a substitute for the same with couples preferring to not formalize their unions despite the numerous benefits that being in a marriage might bring. The gender roles that characterized marriages in the past years have changed and at over time, both sexes have come to adopt less traditional gender roles. The participation of women in the larger society was restricted and women were generally socialized to accept marriage and the subsequent family duties as the ultimate goals in their lives. In the past, the man was the sole bread winner and the woman’s role was mostly confined to taking care of the family. In modern tim es, this has changed and women have been afforded new opportunities in the society which has made them self-reliant. Sudha notes that women (especially in urban settings) are encouraged to get an education, engage in employment and even pursue politics all the while attending to the activities concerning marriage and family (198). While education and employment have resulted in a shift in marriage due to the changing gender roles, Goldstein and Kenney note that women continue to marry or join the marriage institute at the same high rates as in the past years (506) and as such, gender roles have only affected the roles of each party in the marriage and not the popularity of the institution. Goldstein and Kenney note that there has been a recent decline in period marriage rates in industrial societies as the number of marriages per annum have fallen dramatically (507). Studies reveal that while the annual rate of marriage among women in the United States remained at about 150 per thou sand in the 1960s, it fell to 110 per thousand in the mid 1970s and further fell to 100 per thousand by 1980 (Goldstein and Kenney 508). This delay in marriage has meant that couples are getting married at an older age and therefore starting up families later than in earlier days. The reasons for this are mostly the changes in society which have resulted in greater focus on the education of women. While in the past women were socialized to look at marriage as their ultimate goal, women now spend more time building careers and marriage therefore takes second place. A huge change in the marriage institute in America has been the recognition of same sex unions. While marriage has traditionally been prescribed as a union between heterosexuals, there has been a shift towards giving marriage rights to homosexual couples. This change has been brought about by the prevalence of homosexuality in the society and the widespread acceptance of gay relations.Advertising We will write a custo m essay sample on Marriage as a Basic and Universal Social Institute specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While at the onset of the last century homosexuality was shunned and even criminalized, the 1960s saw many states making laws that decriminalized same-sex conduct and abolished discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation (Volokh 106). Gathering from this momentum, gay activists have been calling for the legalizing of gay marriages and the affording of gay couples the same rights and benefits as their heterosexual counterparts. One of the factors that differentiate the United States from most other countries is its racial diversity. This is because the US citizenry is made up of a number of varying races ranging from Caucasians to Asians. Marriage is one of the institutes which have experienced changes as a result of this racial diversity. A report by the CNN indicates that interracial marriages have continued to rise since mid 1 980s and are at an all time high (Chen). These results are reinforced by Pollard and O’Hare who note that â€Å"between 1970 and 1998, the number of interracial couples surged from 300,000 to 1.4 million† (12). This is different from the pre 1960s where interracial marriages were rare. Racist marriage legislations put in place after slavery and the Civil War dictated that marriage was not a right of US citizens and therefore validated the constitutionality of racist bans of marriage. Post 1960 saw a change in this as this racist law was abolished and interracial marriages became acceptable. Reason for Changes While the essence of marriage (companionship and family continuity) still remain in today’s society, the standards at which this once prestigious institution is held has changed significantly. The question that is left wanting is: what has led to the dramatic change as regarding to how people in today’s society view marriage? Well, change as a matter of fact is inevitable and as people pursue their dreams and ambitions, sacrifices have to be made and compromises negotiated so as to meet the demands of today’s society. According to Reinhold, cultural erosion has contributed greatly to the changes in today’s society (14). Not only has this erosion affected marriage, but is has also affected religion and the morality of the human race. As mentioned earlier, religion and cultural beliefs played a pivotal role in the survival and continual growth of communities.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These cultural norms and beliefs acted as laws which governed and stipulated the roles that each gender had to play in society. Nonconformity was severely punished. As such, marriage was perceived as a religious rite of passage and each person in the bond had to respect the institution and do their part without fail. However, as generations go by, the value of culture reduces. Today, only a few people follow their culture or believe in what they represented. Consequently, the value attached to marriage has decreased significantly. For example, before, fornication was viewed as a serious offence and the perpetrators would face serious consequences and would bring shame to people from their communities; especially their families. In today’s society, the role of sex has changed and the act is no longer confined to the married couples as it was in the earlier days (Reinhold 16). Whereas, sex was formally a sacred practice between married couples primarily for the purpose of procr eation, today, it has lost it’s meaning and value to the extent that one woman can have multiple sex partners without fear or worry. In this regard, marriage has changed because the women were originally supposed to remain faithfully married to one man until death. In addition, globalization has been documented as one of the leading reasons as to why marriage has changed (Chen). Chen states that as people from different localities go beyond their geographic boundaries in search of greener pastures, they end up adopting the mannerisms that they are exposed to in the host nations. As such, marriage is no longer instituted to people of the same clans as it was earlier on. Interracial and intertribal marriages are rife in today’s society and this is all due to globalization. As the cost of living escalates, people have been forced to join together so as to meet their daily needs. As such, financial constraints have also led to a change in marriages today. Many have argued that marriage in today’s society is no longer a matter of love and companionship but is more of a contract or business agreement. In the earlier decades, women had no choice/say in matters regarding to their marriage partners. However, this has changed significantly. Today, financial stability plays a pivotal role in the selection process of a marriage partner. Most women and men would rather marry a partner that is financially sound than a partner who is living a hand to mouth lifestyle. What is most surprising is that love plays a small role in most marriages today. All that is required is having a mutual understanding between the partners. They state their expectations before hand and if an agreement is reached, then the couple can wed. This would explain why the divorce rates are high in the world today. According to Ruggles, many marriages especially among the younger generations do not reach the ten year mark (462). Some of the contributing factors to this state of affa irs include but are not limited to: financial constraints, unfaithfulness, lack of commitment (inability to fully meet one’s responsibilities) and conflicts among the spouses (Ruggles 459). Divorce was never an option in most communities in the past. However this changed due to laws which were instituted making divorce a viable option to people in difficult marriages. Sudha states that dialogue used to be used as a tool to resolve marital issues (46). People had no choice but to come to an agreement. In so doing, the children grew up in a family where both parents were present. This union acted as an example through which the children grew to respect and follow even after getting married. However, today, parents no longer concentrate on imparting family values to their children. In some cases, parents argue and fight in the presence of their children making marriage look like a bad thing. In addition, dialogue no longer suffices since divorce is an easier option. As a result, whenever the children become of age and get married, they have this predetermined mentality of marriage. They end up divorcing because that is what they learned during their childhood. The media has also contributed to the change in marriages today. Divorce has risen significantly partly due to its popularization by the media (Ruggles 456). In addition, movies and music aired in various media outlets. This forms of entertainment most often bring to light infidelity, â€Å"gold digging† (marriage for financial reasons), and domestic violence as the main characteristics of marriage. In America alone, nearly 90% of the citizenry is exposed to this negative media in one way or the other. Over exposure to such publicity leads to a situation where everyone raises or lowers the expectations of marriage. As such, many people do not marry the person they are betrothed to but that imaginary personality that they have constructed under the influence of the media. Conclusion Marriage is no longer as strong an institution as it used to be. Instead of bringing pride and respect to the married couples, it has in the recent past, been a source of shame and regrets to many. The various factors that have led to the change in how we perceive marriage have been highlighted. How marriage was in the past compared to today, has also been discussed. However, marriage still plays a pivotal role to the lives of many people. As such, individuals should try and make sure that they marry for the right reasons and to the right person. In so doing, marriage will restore its former glory as a hub for love and prosperity even to the generations to come. Works Cited Chen, Stephanie. Interracial Marriages at an all-time high, study says. 04 June, 2010. Web. Goldstein, Joshua and Kenney, Catherine. â€Å"Marriage Delayed or Marriage Forgone? New Cohort Forecasts of First Marriage for U.S. Women.† American Sociological Review, 66. August, 2001. Print. Pollard, Kelvin and O’H are William. â€Å"America’s Racial and Ethnic Minorities.† A publication of the Population Reference Bureau, 54.3 1999: 12. Print. Reinhold, Steffen. Reassessing the Link between Premarital Cohabitation and Marital Instability. 20 Dec 2007. Web. Ruggles, Stephen. â€Å"The Rise of Divorce and Separation in the United States, 1880 – 1990.† Demography, 34. 4, November 1997: 455-466. Print. Sudha, D. Gender Roles. USA: APH Publishing, 2000. Print. This essay on Marriage as a Basic and Universal Social Institute was written and submitted by user Elena F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

5 steps to a better job in 2018

5 steps to a better job in 2018 â€Å"Get a better job† is a very common New Year’s resolution, but it’s also a tough one to get started- especially if winter laziness sets in. It’s not like going to the gym, where you can physically get up and go somewhere and call it a success, even if it’s only one time a week. You need to put in a ton of work beforehand and change the way you approach the world around you. Here are 5 steps to get you started on the path to a new and better job.1. Come up with a plan.Before you start browsing job sites, think about what you’re seeking. Do you want to stay in the same industry? Are you looking for the same kind of job, but for more money? What does the next step up look like for you? Are you ready for a step up? Think about what it is you really want in your new job. If you just kind of jump in without having a set plan or timelines around your job search goals, it will be easy to abandon the whole thing if you don’t get results ri ght away.2. Ask for it.If you’re seeking a promotion, you’re far more likely to get it if you ask for it. Some companies give unasked-for promotions as a matter of course, but you’re much more likely to be successful if you say, â€Å"Hey, I’m here, I’ve accomplished these things, and I’m ready for more.† This is where an elevator pitch comes in handy as you prepare to talk to your boss. You want to be able to clearly and efficiently lay out the reasons why you deserve a better title and more responsibilities.3. Be open to different kinds of opportunities.Online search engines and other traditional job hunt tools are great assets to have- but don’t forget the human assets at your disposal. A lot of hiring is done because someone knows someone else who would be a good fit for that new job opening. And that means there are job opportunities out there that never see the light of day (or the search engine). Make sure your network i s ever growing, and in good working order.4. Rebuild your application package.If you’re thinking about dusting off your old resume, maybe doing some find-and-replace on the dates, and sending it out, think again. If you want a better job you need a stepped-up resume game. That means creating a new resume masterpiece from scratch, with careful consideration about what you should be including, and how it reflects your career now.5. Build your skills. While you’re looking, this is a good chance to build up some of those resume-enhancing skills, like mastering particular kinds of software. This doesn’t mean you have to go back to school, but there are lots of online courses and resources that can help you build professional skills on your own schedule and at your own pace.Getting a better job is a great and attainable goal to have. Putting a plan and energy behind it is the best way to ensure that you won’t be sitting in the same place this time next year, th inking, â€Å"Man, I really need a new job.†

Common Latin Words Found in Genealogical Records

Common Latin Words Found in Genealogical Records Latin terms are often encountered by genealogists in early church records, as well as in many legal documents. You can learn to interpret the Latin language you encounter with by applying an understanding of keywords  and phrases. Common genealogy terms, including record types, events, dates, and relationships are listed here, along with Latin words with similar meanings (i.e., words commonly used to indicate marriage, including marry, marriage, wedding, wedlock and unite). Latin Basics Latin is the mother language for many modern European languages, including English, French, Spanish and Italian. Therefore, Latin will be found used in the earlier records of most European countries, as well as in Roman Catholic records around the world. Latin Language Essentials The most important thing to look for in Latin words is the root, as it will give you the basic meaning of the word. The same Latin word may be found with multiple endings, depending on the way the word is used in the sentence. Different endings will be used if a word is masculine, feminine or neuter, as well as to indicate singular or plural forms of a word. The endings of Latin words can also vary depending on the grammatical usage of the words, with specific endings used to indicate a word used as the subject of the sentence, as a possessive, as the object of a verb, or used with a preposition. Common Latin Words Found in Genealogy Documents Record TypesBaptismal Register - matricula baptizatorum, liberCensus - censusChurch Records - parish matrica (parish registers)Death Register - certificato di morteMarriage Register - matrica (marriage register), bannorum (register of marriage banns), liberMilitary - militaris, bellicus Family EventsBaptism / Christening - baptismi, baptizatus, renatus, plutus, lautus, purgatus, ablutus, lustratioBirth - nati, natus, genitus, natales, ortus, oriundusBurial - sepulti, sepultus, humatus, humatioDeath - mortuus, defunctus, obitus, denatus, decessus, peritus, mors, mortis, obiit, decessitDivorce - divortiumMarriage - matrimonium, copulatio, copulati, conjuncti, nupti, sponsati, ligati, maritiMarriage (banns) - banni, proclamationes, denuntiationes RelationshipsAncestor - antecessor, patres (forefathers)Aunt - amita (paternal aunt); matertera, matris soror (maternal aunt)Brother - frater, frates gemelli (twin brothers)Brother-in-law - affinis, sororiusChild - ifans, filius (son of), filia (daughter of), puer, prolesCousin - sobrinus, generDaughter - filia, puella; filia innupta (unwed daughter); unigena (only begotten daughter)Descendant - proles, successioFather - pater (father), pater ignoratus (unknown father), novercus (stepfather)Grandchild - nepos ex fil, nepos (grandson); neptis (granddaughter)Grandfather - avus, pater patris (paternal grandfather)Grandmother - avia, socrus magna (maternal grandmother)Great-grandchild - pronepos (great grandson); proneptis (great granddaughter)Great-grandfather - proavus, abavus (2nd great grandfather), atavus (3rd great grandfather)Great-grandmother - proavia, proava, abavia (2nd great grandmother)Husband - uxor (spouse), maritus, sponsus, conjus, coniux, ligatus, virMother - materNiece /Nephew - amitini, filius fratris/sororis (nephew), filia fratris/sororis (niece)Orphan, Foundling - orbus, orbaParents - parentes, genitoresRelatives - propinqui (relatives); agnati, agnatus (paternal relatives); cognati, cognatus (maternal relatives); affines, affinitas (related by marriage, in-laws)Sister - soror, germana, glos (husbands sister)Sister-in-law - glorisSon - filius, natusSon-in-law - generUncle - avunculus (paternal uncle), patruus (maternal uncle)Wife - vxor/uxor (spouse), marita, conjux, sponsa, mulier, femina, consorsWidow - vidua, relictaWidower - viduas, relictus DatesDay - dies, dieMonth - mensis, mensesYear - annus, anno; often abbreviated Ao, AE or aEMorning - maneNight - nocte, vespere (evening)January - JanuariusFebruary - FebruariusMarch - MartiusApril - AprilisMay - MaiusJune - Junius, IuniusJuly - Julius, Iulius, QuinctilisAugust - AugustusSeptember - September, Septembris, 7ber, VIIberOctober - October, Octobris, 8ber, VIIIberNovember - November, Novembris, 9ber, IXberDecember - December, Decembris, 10ber, Xber Other Common Latin Genealogical TermsAnd others - et alii (et. al)Anno Domini (A.D.) - in the year of our LordArchive - archiviaCatholic church - ecclesia catholicaCemetery (graveyard) - cimiterium, coemeteriumGenealogy - genealogiaIndex - indiceHousehold - familiaName, given - nomen, dictus (named), vulgo vocatus (alias)Name, surname (family name) - cognomen, agnomen (also nickname)Name, maiden - look for from or of to indicate maiden namenata (born), ex (from), de (of)Obit - (he or she) diedObit sine prole (o.s.p.) - (he or she) died without offspringParish - parochia, pariochialisParish priest - parochusTestes - witnessesTown - urbeVillage - vico, pagusVidelicet - namelyWill/Testament - testamentum

Commercialization product and service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Commercialization product and service - Essay Example In most cases, there is the existence of confusion between commercialization and sales. While differentiating the two, major consideration is on three crucial aspects. The funnel, which involves the identification of products or businesses that are sustainable in a long time, determines the kind of products and services to put across on the international market. Commercialization as a stage-by-stage process classifies each stage with its own key goals and milestones. Finally, it puts into consideration key stakeholders including customers of the products on launch (Rafinejad, 2007). A number of implications face an organization that seeks to commercialize its products. While going international, an organization has to strategically plan for the challenges, draw its budget and later make a consideration on the opportunities it hopes to achieve by the intended plans. Saxena (2006) advises that proper planning lead to high results and increased levels of sales. Additionally, it ensures that an organization captures its intended market perfectly to increase revenue from the new market. There are instances where companies eying the fruits of globalization have gone ahead to aggressively commercialize their operations, only to make losses. Such incidences, facing companies in the fashion industry and retail chain marketing warrant a proper planning for commercialization. Initially, an organization has to plan for the risks that the organization is likely going to face in the international market. Fierce competition from the existing brands is one of the major implications (Graham & Smith, 2003). As organizations plan to introduce their products in an international market, they have to consider the competition and design ways of countering the existing competitors. One of the main factors to put into consideration is how to counter companies that already have their brands in the target market. Subsequently, the company should device ways and means of capturing this ma rket. While quality of products earns the company brand superiority, it has to ensure that it places it in the minds if the customers such that they prefer it to other brands. As such, any marketing plan that the organization settles on should aim at winning customer’s hearts, which translates to customer loyalty. Budgeting is yet another consideration in the entire commercialization plan. As businesses seek to commercialize their products in the outside market, they have to consider the amount of money they have to spend. First, they have to determine the countries that they wish to introduce their products in. Secondly, they have to determine the number of products to introduce to the market. Subsequently, they have to draw a budget on these expenditures. However, this should be within its budget. The biggest problem facing an organization while drawing its budget is budgeting for the limited resources to achieve high returns and revenues (Saxena, 2006). While drawing a com mercialization plan, an organization has to put into consider three crucial aspects facing its products. The timing of the product, which involves the time of the year and the season, is an important factor to put into consideration. Launching a product in its peak season is the best way in which a company can push its products, while at the

Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 15

Film - Essay Example Working in film industry can be very stressing and many times demanding. One is normally expected to film for long hours and likewise spend time away from home. This is where I score most for I am always available whenever needed. This has made me achieve a lot and make a lot of strides in the film industry. My passion and personality of patients has likewise blends well with the industry. Film requires patients and most importantly asking question and consulting a lot. The industry is very dynamic and with patience, one is always in a position not only better himself but help build the industry through continuous consultation. Despite the fact that very little is today documented about this hero, Martin Scorsese still remains to be my main role model in the film industry. Through critical analysis, every filmmaker from back in the 70s has been influenced in one way or another by this genius in various different ways. I have also admired the manner in which he merged quality and content. This makes him stand out. This man’s path to growth in film industry also inspire me a lot and I always feel that I can learn a lot from him still. In spite of this, there are various reasons that make me admire film industry in many ways. Key among them is that film offers one with practical skills like no other. Film industry is always a continuous learning process that equips learners with real time practical skills. The unique skills are the same skills that are needed to make it in the industry and career growth. Second reason why I admire film industry so much is the fact that the industry is worldwide. The excitement enjoyed by film personalities in my country is a diversion enjoyed by many other people around the world. This implies that the industry is wide and there are a lot of opportunity for growth and competition this makes the

Fluency & Learning Essay Example for Free

Fluency Learning Essay The purpose of this paper is to specify an interesting story and design reading activities around it to increase the reading fluency of students. The paper starts with a synopsis of The Cay, a tale of survival, in which a young boy is blinded by a severe blow on the back of his head while his ship which makes him entirely dependent on Timothy. The adventurous nature of this story makes it interesting for the students to read and carry out different activities on it, thus contributing to their reading fluency The Cay The book is written by Theodore Taylor. The story deals with a young boy’s misconceptions about race and a black sea man, Timothy, with whom he gets shipwrecked on a deserted island. The young boy, Philip, is blinded by a severe blow on the back of his head while his ship was destroyed by the enemy torpedo. This makes him entirely dependant on Timothy, at least initially through his stay at the island. As Philip explores the island and learns the art of survival and relies less on Timothy, their relationship and mutual respect grows for each other, when they learn to survive and live within the means available at the island. Their struggle to face the odds and survive on an isolated island with no food and water, indeed makes this an interesting tale of survival. (Polette, 1995) I’ll be employing following five different activities for the children to work with the story. Student-Adult Reading In student-adult reading, the class will be divided into small groups and each group will be assigned a chapter from the novel to read. The student will read out loud from the novel with me while the rest of the children listen. I will read the text first, which will actually give the student a model of fluent reading. This is followed by the student reading the same text, while I would assist and encourage him or her during the process. I would repeat this process with individual student until the subject gains fluency in reading the particular passage. (Fluency Learning to Read Reading Fluency) c In this activity the students will read a particular passage from the novel along with me as a group. To carry out this activity, each student will be provided his/her own copy of the novel. I would read a particular passage starting from the first chapter so that the children begin to comprehend the story ad they are familiarized with the words. After reading a particular passage I would re-read the passage aloud to model fluent reading but this time asking the students to join in and read the passage along with me. This would be repeated three to five times on selected days of the week. At the end of this routine students should be able to read the text independently. (Reading Fluency, 2002) Tape-assisted Reading This activity follows a different method. Students are supposed to read from their books while they hear and follow a fluent reader read the text from the book on an audiotape. For this activity to be a success the recorded voice should be reading the text at about 80-100 words per minutes. Each student must have his/her copy of the novel in front of him/her and the recorded voice should be loud and audible. To start with, student should point along the text with his finger while listening to the recorded voice. After this practice the student must read out the text aloud with the tape. Reading the text loud with the tape must continue until the student gains fluency and can read the material without the support of the recorded voice. Fluency is important in readind as it allows the particiants to groud words together and focus more on their meanning rather than decoding the text. On the other hand less fluet readers direct more attention towards word recognition than comprehension of the given text. The above mentioned exercise is therefore aimed at easing the hesitation in reading. (Fluency, 2001) Partner Reading Partner reading is an activity which involves a couple of students taking turns to read the text aloud to each other. This would turn out to be an effective reading practice in which fluent readers can be paired with less fluent ones. The less fluent reader will use the fluent reader’s style of expression as a model and learn quickly. The better skilled reader provides help to the weak reader with word recognition and assists him in the process. Another approach to partner reading is check list reading where both the partners are given checklists. After explaining the students how they can change the pitch of their voice to make it more realistic, each students is asked to read out the passage to their respective partners thrice following the above instructions. At the end each students submits a report regarding their partner’s fluency which can be improved upon in the next session. (Murray) Readers theatre Readers theatre involves students rehearsing and performing a play for their fellow students and friends. Characters from the novel can be assigned to different students who can then act out the play by reading from their individual scripts derived from the novel. ‘The Cay’ will be a suitable book for this practice as it is rich in dialogues. This kind of activity makes reading more appealing and enhances fluency by providing students with the opportunity to interact with their peers on a different level. References Fluency Learning to Read Reading Fluency. (n. d. ). Retrieved July 2008, from http://www. time4learning.com/readingpyramid/fluency. htm Fluency. (2001). Retrieved July 2008, from Reading Rockets: http://www. readingrockets. org/teaching/reading101/fluency Murray, D. B. (n. d. ). Developing Reading Fluency. Retrieved July 2008, from http://www. auburn. edu/%7Emurraba/ Polette, N. (1995). The Cay by Theodore Taylor. Retrieved July 2008, from http://www. nancypolette. com/LitGuides/cay. pdf Reading Fluency. (2002). Retrieved July 2008, from http://readingserver. edb. utexas. edu/downloads/primary/guides/Fluency_Presentation. PDF

Radio Waves :: physics radio wave

Radiowaves are the oscillations of magnetic waves by varying the modulation to generate different signals which can be converted into information such as sound, video, or digital communication. As these waves pass through a conductor, an alternating current is generated and this can be converted into usable information. As one could see from the picture above, radio waves are the the electromagnetic waves with wave lengthes between 1mm and 10 Mm. This converts to a frequency range of 300Ghz to 30Hz, respectively. Nearly everyone uses radio waves in some form day after day. The technologies that depend on them is vast and ever-growing. These technologies range from cordless phones and garage door openers to radar and microwave ovens. Radio is not a dead technology either. It is constantly having research devoted to it and new technologies and innovations are coming about from this research. The trend towards wireless internet and more versatile cellular phones are just some examples. Ironically, the fundamentals of radio waves is relatively simple (atleast when compared to the vast array of technologies that now implement it). Cordless phones use radio waves to allow individuals to walk around freely in their home without the need to be bound by a cord while talking over their land-based phone line. Cell phones are a miracle to modern day living. Unlike previous eras where communication was done strictly across a hard-wired telephone line, cell phones now give the freedom to those that can afford them a radio-based uplink to the rest of the world. Not only are they for voice communication, but they also allow for transmission of virtually any kind of digital data. Microwave ovens are another great invention from the 20th century. They use radio waves in a specific frequency range in which water, fat, and sugar molecules happen to absorb and convert directly into heat.

Ww1 Trench Warfare

Nature of Life in the Trenches The nature of life in the trenches was a dangerous place. It was a place for the dead or for the survivors. Trenches were a front line which was dug metres underground, inside the trenches, were supplies, training areas, stores and mainly headquarters. The trenches were the main area to store arms of artillery and mortars. Life was hell for soldiers. Bearing the pain they went through, the diseases, the infections, the bad conditions living in, having to deal with sickness, all these illnesses became worse in the long run as soldiers ceased from them.The whole idea of the trenches was to gain and to give protection from enemy lines who would want to attack their enemies once seen, so trenches were a good hiding spot hence other various reasons as well. September 1914 was when trench warfare began and ended in August 1918. In the area of the River Somme on the Western Front, the ground is deathly and is easily tunnelled. The trench sides would dissolve e asily after rain so the ideas would have to be changed and wood, sandbags or any other suitable material would have to be a substitute of dirt.Trenches were never built to be straight for a reason, in case an enemy ever jumped into the trench they could have point blank shot of everyone hiding inside it, whereas, trenches were built in a zigzag form to avoid quick target shots from enemies. The living conditions in the trenches were unbearable. In order to minimise the risk of trench foot (a disease on the feet) they would have to build duckboards on the bottom of trenches to clear the mud and faeces at the bottom. The health risk was very severe and was a maximised hazard of death as the unhygienic smell can affect the body.The weather was a big factor in the trenches, temperatures down to less than 10 degrees Celsius was made impossible for soldiers to cope while sleeping or doing any activity. Diseases such as frost bites could occur as well as exposure and trench foot. Uses of s econdary weapons were used in the war as well as fire weaponry. Secondary weapons such as grenades, bombs, gas bombs, and much more were used and it was effective at long and short range targets. Gas masks were used continually due to the gas mixing with the air and making it hard to breathe so gas masks were introduced to protect the face from burnt skin as well as inhaling it.The main diseases caught while in trenches were trench foot, shell shock, blindness from mustard gas, snakes, infected rats, grenades, bombs, colds from low temperatures, frost bite, gangrene, body lice was a main disease maker as it irritated soldiers to itch numerous times of the day and that would cause infectious diseases on skin and could be caught off one another, the insufferable conditions, stench from rotting bodies, self-inflicting punishments and as well as suicide due to the trauma and depression. Body lice were a main factor in the trenches.It brought upon soldiers infections, high fevers, diseas es and probably death. Lice would stay on the body throughout the whole day and eat at the flesh and irritate soldiers, they would have to itch and itch and itch continuously in order to get the irritation feeling away. The aftermath would leave redness, bad smells, trench fever, first symptoms and shooting pains around the body and high illnesses. Many of the other diseases were much similar to lice and the treatment was similar was well but some things did differ, such as the kind of sickness, disease and the way the â€Å"infection† was going to affect the soldier.Mud affected the body as well as their existence, what they ate, what they were wearing and how they breathed. Mud was an enemy and misery to soldiers. Trench foot was a painful swelling of the feet caused by constant absorption in water. Some cases, toes could rot off and that can lead to gangrene and that can be led to amputation. Rats were known as â€Å"trench rats† because they were sizes of small dog s. Rats would consume food that was left on the ground as well as fresh food and take all food supplies which would then be limited for soldiers the next day or so.Rats were also good humour for the soldiers as they would attract it to food and shoot them once they seem them and hang them as a â€Å"trophy†. Gas gangrene was an easy target for many soldiers, the least of their problems were rats. They had to survive and live to continue the war, they couldn’t afford to inhale dangerous gases and die instantly. If the gas was ever inhaled, it would destroy the tissue inside the human body and the body will decay gradually and disintegrate. Gas masks were then produced.The cold fell to temperature of minus Forty degrees Celsius; nevertheless, trenches had temperature of minus Fifteen degrees Celsius. Soldiers had to manage with the cold, hard to believe, it was worse than lice. The cold made it impossible to sleep. Frostbite affected many men and frequently directed to i nfection, decomposition and later on, amputation, along with hypothermia. In addition the infections led to boils, impetigo (a contagious skin disease caused by streptococcal bacteria, forming pustules and yellow sores), ulcers, hypothermia, frostbite, gangrene and amputation.There were many psychological effects that were put onto soldiers such as trauma, shell shock, tics, a feeling of disillusionment and a growing sense of distrust of political leaders. The effects led to long term effects which made them think about the past most of their lives and that caused controversy to war officials. In conclusion, life in the trenches was difficult and distressing. Soldiers sacrificed their life to create peace in the world but it continued unfortunately. As oppose to all the past dramatic effects on soldiers, they had to live with it their whole lives, having to go through long or short term effects.

Traveling Through The Dark Essays - English-language Films

Traveling Through The Dark Essays - English-language Films Traveling through the Dark William Stafford In this eloquent poem, Stafford tells the story of a driver and decision. The driver, who is the speaker in the story, is driving a mountain road at night. He comes upon a dead deer. He stops and gets out of the car, confident that he should roll the animal over the edge of the cliff into the canyon in order to clear the road for other drivers; " It is usually best to roll them into the canyon: that road is narrow; to swerve might make more dead." However, when he gets to the deer and touches it, he finds that there is an unborn fawn that is still alive; "? her side was warm; her fawn lay there waiting, alive, still, never to be born." The man then seems to have doubts about what is the right thing to do. Should he do what he first thought-push the deer over the cliff to avoid more accidents? Or is there any way to try and save the fawn? "Beside that mountain road I hesitated." He ultimately decides to push the doe off the cliff. The message that this poem seems to bring is of the age-old conflict between nature and technology. This becomes apparent when Stafford brings in the part about the car. The reader understands that the car symbolizes man's world, technology. Apparent also, is that the car seems to take on living characteristics; " The car aimed ahead its lowered parking lights; under the hood purred the steady engine?" even though the car also brought upon death for the animal. Obvious too, is the deer symbolizing nature. The fact that a car killed the deer is perhaps Stafford's message? that technology will eventually triumph over nature. This is shown through the actions of the speaker. He clearly sympathizes with the fawn, but he clearly understands that a car killed the foe and her baby. Furthermore, he accepts that the safety of other drivers depend on the action that he ultimately takes? a decision which points at the side he believes he needs to protect at that moment? society and man, not nature.

Covalent or Molecular Compound Properties

Covalent or Molecular Compound Properties Covalent or  molecular compounds  contain atoms held together by covalent bonds. These bonds form when the atoms share electrons because they have similar electronegativity values. Covalent compounds are a diverse group of molecules, so there are several exceptions to each rule. When looking at a compound and trying to determine whether it is an ionic compound or a covalent compound, its best to examine several properties of the sample.  These are properties of covalent compounds. Properties of Covalent Compounds Most covalent compounds have relatively low melting points and boiling points.While the ions in an ionic compound are strongly attracted to each other, covalent bonds create molecules that can separate from each other when a lower amount of energy is added to them. Therefore, molecular compounds usually have low melting and boiling points.Covalent compounds usually have lower enthalpies of fusion and vaporization than ionic compounds.The enthalpy of fusion is the amount of energy needed, at constant pressure, to melt one mole of a solid substance. The enthalpy of vaporization is the amount of energy, at constant pressure, required to vaporize one mole of a liquid. On average, it takes only 1% to 10% as much heat to change the phase of a molecular compound as it does for an ionic compound.Covalent compounds tend to be soft and relatively flexible.This is largely because covalent bonds are relatively flexible and easy to break. The covalent bonds in molecular compounds cause these comp ounds to take form as gasses, liquids,  and soft solids. As with many properties, there are exceptions, primarily when molecular compounds assume crystalline forms. Covalent compounds tend to be more flammable than ionic compounds.Many flammable substances contain hydrogen and carbon atoms which can undergo combustion, a reaction that releases energy when the compound reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. Carbon and hydrogen have comparable electronegativies so they are found together in many molecular compounds.When dissolved in water, covalent compounds dont conduct electricity.Ions are needed to conduct electricity in an aqueous solution. Molecular compounds dissolve into molecules rather than dissociate into ions, so they typically do not conduct electricity very well when dissolved in water.Many covalent compounds dont dissolve well in water.There are many exceptions to this rule, just as there are many salts (ionic compounds) that dont dissolve well in water. However, many covalent compounds are polar molecules that do dissolve well in a polar solvent, such as water. Examples of molecular compounds that dissolve well in w ater are sugar and ethanol. Examples of molecular compounds that dont dissolve well in water are oil and polymerized plastic. Note that network solids are compounds containing covalent bonds that violate some of these rules. Diamond, for example, consists of carbon atoms held together by covalent bonds in a crystalline structure. Network solids typically are transparent, hard, good insulators and have high melting points. Learn More Do you need to know more? Learn the  difference between an ionic and covalent bond,  get  examples of covalent compounds, and understand how to predict formulas of compounds containing polyatomic ions.

Presentation to Arizona Task Force on Policy and Planning Assignment

Presentation to Arizona Task Force on Policy and Planning - Assignment Example First and foremost, although the definition of sustainable transportation varies, many definitions tend to allude to reduced dependence on automobiles, increased use of public mass transit and increased use of non-motorized forms of transport such as bicycles and walking. Black (2004) particularly defines sustainable transportation as the transport system that is able to meet the current mobility and transport needs without compromising the ability of ability of the future generations to be able to meet such needs. However, Black (2004) argues that the contemporary transport systems are currently being hindered from becoming sustainable by a number of factors some of which include diminishing petroleum reserves, global atmospheric impacts of the transport systems, congestion and fatalities among others. There are a number of reasons why I feel that a paradigmatic shift in the current Arizona transport planning is urgently needed. Although Arizona like many other states has always depended on the mobility planning approach to develop its transport policies, this approach is increasingly becoming unsustainable due to wide range of emerging issues including environmental pollution concerns, diminishing petroleum reserves, congestion and rising fatalities and increased urban sprawl among others. Accessibility planning approach primarily focuses on regulating land use arrangements in order to reduce the travelling needs of the members of the society. In many parts of the United States, this may include jobs-housing balance (such as by locating housing near potential workplaces), developing transit villages as well as encouraging sustainable forms of transport such as mass transit, bicycles and pedestrianism. Compared to the â€Å"mobility† approach that is largely concerned with enhancing the ability of commuters to travel fast,

Causes and Consequences of Development of London City, England in Research Paper

Causes and Consequences of Development of London City, England in 1850s - Research Paper Example Europe has been a farming society, and many of the cities in this country are ruled by families of kingdoms. Many of the cities are under British colonization, and many have not yet become independent states (Spielvogel 2011, p. 132). Industrial and French Revolutions steered the expansion of the city. The paper traces the development of London City, England in 1850s and the way it altered the social, economic and political system of the London City, England. Causes that Led to Development of the London City Developed in London City, England can be traced from the period of 1750 to 1850s during the industrial and French Revolution when different changes in agriculture, transportation, social and economic changes took place. Industrial Revolution is among the major causes behind the development of London City. Gordon, Tony and Christine (2007, 56) reveal that Industrial Revolution was the main cause behind varied changes in the agricultural sector, manufacturing industries, transporta tion network system in England. Industrial Revolution led to increased trading activities within the city and outside the neighborhood. Industrialization and expansion for trading activities necessitated increased commercial trading activities. The London City developed as a business centre beginning from the Roman era. London City emerged as a metropolitan for foreigners, but it continued to develop as a government town whose resident authority impressed native British custom. The construction of transport and network communications such as the railway line became the economic stimulus that steered development. The development of the railway line connecting from the courtside to the city contributed to effective development activities in the city. The increased railways stations enabled passengers travel effectively. It also enabled people from the countryside to transport their commodities in the market effectively. The city started developing because of easy and cheap transportat ion of manufactured products and raw materials through rail shipments. This made transportation of commodities especially to large areas to become cheaper because each city has a connecting trunk line. The railway line contributed to increased immigrants into the City of London; contributing to increased population in the city. London City is the powerful financial city, and the ports construction necessitated development. Many investment companies established their headquarters in the city because of the industrialization process. The financial investment activities became the main sources for employment in London. The city exports produced commodities and imports other raw materials such as timber, petroleum and other products (Havinden and Meredith 2002, p. 34). Industries started producing varied commodities such as jewelry and clothes and consumer commodities. This made the city develop faster because it was easy for the people in the City of London to carry out their business activities effectively.2 Many changes took place especially the development of industries; thus, the city started moving from being agricultural to an industrial economy. England is one of the countries, which are well known for being among the agricultural economy in Europe. However, due to the development process, many changes took place because of the industrialization process. These changes had a profound effect in social, economic and political of the London city. The industrial revolution that began during the Great Britain in United Kingdom and spread to the Western Europe and other parts across the globe led to many changes. Havinden

American Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

American Education - Research Paper Example † The hypothesis tested was the simple answer: â€Å"No. Not at all.† 2. Introduction In the early periods of American History, Christianity formed the main source of knowledge and teaching. Before the emergence of the Private School System, the Church influence was eminent on the American Education System. As per the founding rules and regulations set for the running of the education system, the American Federal Government had no rights of interference in the field of education. However with the passage of time, it was felt necessary that the country must have a centrally established education system (Haugen and Susan, pp43-49).   The Federal Ministry of Interior was responsible for looking after the affairs of education which included all sorts of funding until in 1979 when the Federal Ministry of Education was established formally. After 1979, all the affairs of the education in United States of America are addressed in the Ministry of Education. There is however an exception to some states that they can form and implement policies of their own which aim at benefitting the educational institutions. In United States, besides the government, there are social groups and educational organizations which aid and fund in education sector. The United States’ law protects every citizen’s right of getting education. ... American Education System is however not up to the required mark which would help the countrymen achieve the height and grandeur among the nations of the world. The institutions are educating the students with an aim to fill them with knowledge of theory having no attempt to turn them practical. They must despite try to make them innovators as to make them capable of devising their own methods of success. The obsolete method of memorization of stuff is against the current day requirements of skills. The system has failed to produce inside the student a will to conquer (Diane, pp74-88). Tony Wagner agitates against the American Education System in a calm manner: â€Å"Today knowledge is ubiquitous, constantly changing, growing exponentially†¦. Today knowledge is free. It’s like air, it’s like water. It’s become a commodity†¦. There is no competitive advantage today in knowing more than the person next to you. The world doesn’t care what you know. What the world cares about is what you can do with what you know† (Wagner and Compton, p 56). The schools in United States are unable to produce innovators which mean that American society must suffer from inertia: â€Å"The culture of schooling as we all know is radically at odds with the culture of learning that produces innovators† (Wagner and Compton, p 59). His conclusion was based on the research he conducted during visits of a large number of schools. He was sure that the current system if persisted for long would result in a society devoid of innovators. Many reasons have been deliberated upon by the researchers of the American Education System which hinder innovations. Students are taught to concentrate upon improving their GPA.

Discourse Analysis of Opening Speeches at Shangri La

Discourse Analysis of Opening Speeches at Shangri La INTRODUCTION Rationale Under the growing trend towards globalization, English is known as the most preferable language used in every field of mans life. No one can deny the usefulness of this language in enhancing international communication among individuals, organizations, as well as nations in this fast-changing world. Not surprisingly, English is a tool for countries all over the world to participate fully in the international network. Giving speech play an important role in any kind of forums, especially in summit conferences like Shangri-La Dialogue. A good speech will show the intentions, feelings, emotions, expectation and even the criticism of the speaker to his audiences. Thus, in order to have an effective and successful speech Shangri-La Dialogue, the speakers have to provide clear and relevant messages. In addition, their intellect, understanding, political stance and consistency need to be performed when the speakers give speech. Besides, the speakers attitude also plays an essential part in making the address more effectively, vividly and persuasively. Not only that the goal of persuasion, the messages are more persuasively and powerfully delivered. I realize that there are so many interesting things that need to be studied in speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues. There has been no research so far in Vietnam, to my knowledge, offering a discourse analysis of speeches in Shangri-La dialogues. From these factors, I have decided to choose Adiscourse analysis of opening speeches at Shangri-La dialogues as the topic of my M.A thesis because of its importance and significance. This thesis is carried out with the hope that the research will be a contribution to present linguistic knowledge and provide Vietnamese learners of English, especially students in the press and diplomatic fields with some useful information about the linguistic features of speeches in political forums. Aims and objectives Aims of the study The study aims to investigate the discourse features of opening speeches at Shangri-La dialogues in terms of their discourse topics, cohesive devices and stylistic devices. Objectives This paper is designed to aim at the following objectives: To examine the discourse features of opening speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues in terms of their discourse topics, cohesive devices and stylistic devices. To study the significant effect of discourse features on opening speeches ( the contents of speech, the intention and attitude of the lecturerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) To discuss about the results of the findings so that a generalization of the language can be made. To suggest some implications for teaching English to Vietnamese learners especially students of the diplomacy and press fields. Scope of the Study Within a limited scope of an M.A thesis, this research will focus on studying the discourse topics, the cohesive devices and the stylistic devices of opening speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues. Research questions In order to achieve the above mentioned aims and objectives, the research will seek to the answers for the following questions: What are the discourse features of opening speeches at Shangri-La dialogues in terms of their discourse topics? What are the discourse features of opening speeches at Shangri-La dialogues in terms of their cohesive devices? What are the discourse features of opening speeches at Shangri-La dialogues in terms of their stylistic devices? Organization of the study The study is organized into five chapters as follows. Chapter 1, Introduction presents the rationale, the aims and objectives, the research questions to solve, the scope and the organization of the research. Chapter 2, Literature Review and Theoretical Background consists of two parts. The first part is a review of previous studies related to this thesis. The second one is concerned with theoretical concepts of terms : discourse topics, cohesive devices and stylistic devices. Chapter 3, Methods and Procedures concerns itself with the research method, procedure of data collection, description of samples, data analysis and research procedures. Chapter 4, Findings and Discussion discusses the main purpose of conducting this study. It focuses on answering the research questions about the discourse topics, cohesive devices, and stylistic devices of opening speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues. It presents the results and discusses the findings of the study. Chapter 5, Conclusion and Recommendation draws conclusions and suggests some implications basing on the results in previous chapter. LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Literature Review Discourse Analysis (DA) is a modern linguistic discipline that covers a wide variety of different fields. Discourse analysis examines language in use both written texts of all kinds and spoken data from conversation to highly institutionalized forms of talk. Analysis of discourse looks not only at the basic level of what is said, but takes into consideration the contexts which it is used. Thus, discourse analysis not only study language use beyond the sentence boundar, but also analyze naturally occurring language use. It means that discourse analysis is one of the aspects which attract the interest of many linguists and researchers all over the world. Under the heading of discourse analysis, there have been a lot of studies dealing with a wide range of its subfields such as coherence, cohesion, context, conversation analysis, information structure, speech act theory and theme-rhyme. Up to present, many foreign scholars including Halliday and Hasan [30], Brown and Yule [18], Cook [21 ], Hatch [31], Nunan [33] have made great contributions to the field in different approaches and methods. These publications focused on one or another aspect of discourse analysis theory which gave us an overall picture of theoretical background to examine how language is in use. In Vietnam, many linguists have made great contributions to the study of discourse analysis. Tran Ngoc Them [10] has investigated in detail cohesion in Vietnamese texts with Hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœng lià ªn kà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t văn bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n Tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ng Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t and Văn bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n và   Lià ªn kà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t trong Tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ng Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t. Nguyen Duc Dan [4] and Nguyen Thien Giap [5] studied discourse analysis from a pragmatic view. Diep Quang Ban [2] has given an overall view of text and utterance especially above the sentence level. Nguyen Hoa with Nghià ªn cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©u dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n ngà ´n và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  chà ­nh trà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ xà £ hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i [6] and more recently Nguyen Hoa with Phà ¢n tà ­ch dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n ngà ´n phà ª bà ¬nh [8]. Besides, there have been a number of master theses dealing with political speeches including: Le Thi Hoang Van [32] made an investigation into Linguistic Features of Antithesis in Political Speeches in English and Vietnamese. In this research, she investigated argumentation power of antithesis and stylistic features of rhetorical devices in antithesis in English political speeches and Vietnamese political speeches. Pham Khac Thu [36] did a research on Modality Markers Used in Political Speeches by US Presidents. The author investigated a wide range of modal expressions used in all the inaugural speeches of the US presidents. Nguyen Thi Hanh [35] investigated into the structure of Theme Rheme in English and Vietnamese political speeches. The study focuses on the structure of Theme Rheme in English and Vietnamese political speeches in terms of characteristics, semantic and pragmatic aspects. Nguyen Uy Dung [34] carried out an investigation into Stylistic Devices in Political Speeches by US Presidents. The study highlighted the use of Stylistic Devices in political speeches by US Presidents. Most of them studied the discourse or a small aspect of political speeches being well-prepared in written texts by the politicians. All study above gave me a useful brief knowledge about discourse and help me have an overview of language definition, language development and its branches in general, and language characteristics in details as well. Beside that, I also recognized that there are some fields which others theses do not deal with. I, myself, would like to contribute my little more effort into them. To the best of my knowledge, up to now, there is little evidence that any research on discourse analysis of opening speeches in dialogues about political issues has been done. Thus, A discourse analysis of Opening speeches at Shangri-La dialogues would be conducted with the aim of contributing a minor part to the overall picture of this field. Theoretical background The study will make use of a theoretical framework based on these following fundamental concepts. 2.2.1. Concepts of Discourse 2.2.2. Concepts of Discourse Analysis 2.2.3. Discourse topic a. Topic framework b. Presupposition pools c. Sentential topic and the presupposition pool 2.2.4. Cohesion and Coherence a. Cohesion b. Coherence 2.2.5. Stylistic Devices a. Definition of Stylistic Devices c. Notion of Common Stylistic Devices in speech b. Function of Stylistic Devices 2.2.6. An overview of a speech 3. METHOD AND PROCEDURE Research Design Descriptive method seems to be the most popular tool in doing any linguistic research since linguistics is by nature a descriptive science and the analytic method is typically used to clarify and justify their features. As mentioned above, the aim of this study was to describe and analyze speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues. Descriptive and qualitative methods were used to give a detailed description of their discourse topics, cohesive devices and stylistic devices of speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues. Quantitative information was also collected to show the frequency of the discourse features of speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues along with qualitative information about the discourse features of a speech. Data collection and data analysis Data Collection The data of the study appeared in the form of transcripts of Shangri-La dialogues on the Internet which are based on the criteria defined. They were selected mainly from the following website on August, 2015: https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri-s-la-s-dialogue/speeches https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/sld12-43d9 https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2013-c890 http://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2011-4eac https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2010-0a26 https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2009-99ea https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2008-2906 http://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-diaogue-2007-d1ee https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2006-f1a5 https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2014 Data Analysis In this study, more than 14 samples of speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues selected for the analysis are in the form of written texts in the sources provided. After collecting these samples of answer, they are analyzed in terms of their discourse topics, cohesive devices and stylistic devices. All samples are shown in the following table: Order Date of Opening Dialogues Speaker Length 1st 30 May 2003 Lee Kun Yew 41:32 2nd 30 May 2003 Lee Kun Yew 37:26 3rd 4 June 2004 Goh Chok Tong 40:35 4th 3 June 2005 Lee Hsien Loong 32:45 5th 2 June 2006 Lee Hsien Loong 37:12 6th 1 June 2007 Lee Hsien Loong 45:23 7th 30 May 2008 Lee Hsien Loong 28:50 8th 29 May 2009 Kevin Rudd 36:48 9th 4 June 2010 Lee Myung-Bak 43:15 10th 3 June 2011 John Chipman 30:22 11th 1 June 2012 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono 26:18 12th 31 May 2013 Nguyen Tan Dung 25:00 13th 30 May 2014 John Chipman 50:17 14th 29 May 2015 Lee Hsien Loong 38:16 Research procedures The research was conducted with the procedures as follows: Identifying the research topic to study by reviewing the previous studies thoroughly. Collecting documents related to the research in the library and other sources from the Internet. Collecting samples of speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues from the Internet. Presenting, describing and analyzing the data in order to find out discourse feature of speeches. Suggesting some implications for language users and further research. The study will be carried out following these steps: Time Work Place April-Sept, 2015 Working on proposal literature review Ä aklak Sept-Nov, 2015 Data collection + initial analysis Ä aklak Nov-Dec, 2015 Analysis Ä aklak Jan, 2016 Update literature review Ä aklak Feb-May, 2016 Writing up Ä aklak June, 2016 Completing first draft Ä aklak July, 2016 Updating first draft Ä aklak July, 2016 Finishing writing MA thesis Ä aklak Aug, 2016 Presenting MA thesis Ä aklak Reliability and Validity In terms of reliability, the source selected to be analyzed is derived from the Internet in English. Regarding validity, this study meets all required criteria. In order to answer the two formulated research questions, the observation and investigation techniques have been chosen to be the main instruments for data collection. The samples are taken from famous English political speeches by a large number of prominent representatives of each nation. REFERENCES In Vietnamese [1] Dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡p Quang Ban (1999), Văn bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n và   lià ªn kà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t trong tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ng Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t, NXB Già ¡o dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥c, Hà   Nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i. [2] Dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡p Quang Ban (2003), Giao tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿p, văn bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n, mà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡ch là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡c, lià ªn kà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t, NXB Khoa hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c Xà £ hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i. [3] Dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡p Quang Ban (2009), Giao tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿p, dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n ngà ´n và   cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥u tà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡o cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ §a văn bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n, Nxb Già ¡o dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥c. [4] Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n Ä Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©c Dà ¢n (1998), Ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯ dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥ng hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c, Nxb Già ¡o dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥c, Hà   Nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i. [5] Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n Thià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡n Già ¡p (2000), Dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥ng hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯, Nxb Ä Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡i hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c Quà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœc gia Hà   Nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i. [6] Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n Hoà   (1999), Nghià ªn cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©u dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n ngà ´n và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  chà ­nh trà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ xà £ hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i trà ªn tÆ ° lià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡u bà ¡o chà ­ tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ng Anh và   tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ng Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t hià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡n Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡i, Luà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­n à ¡n tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿n sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¹ Ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯ văn. [7] Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n Hà ²a (2003), Phà ¢n tà ­ch dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n ngà ´n: Mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢t sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ và ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥n Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  là ½ luà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­n và   phÆ °Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ¡ng phà ¡p, Nxb Ä HQG Hà   Nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i. [8] Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n Hoà   (2006), Phà ¢n tà ­ch dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n ngà ´n phà ª bà ¬nh, Nxb Ä Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡i hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c Quà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœc gia Hà   Nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i. [9] Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n Hà ²a (2008), Phà ¢n tà ­ch dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n ngà ´n: Mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢t sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ và ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥n Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  là ½ luà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­n và   phÆ °Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ¡ng phà ¡p, Nxb Ä Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡i hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c Quà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœc gia Hà   Nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i. [10] Trà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §n Ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c Thà ªm (1998), Hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœng lià ªn kà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t văn bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n Tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ng Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t, NXB Già ¡o dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥c. [11] Trà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §n Ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c Thà ªm (1985), Hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœng lià ªn kà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t văn bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ng Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t, Hà   Nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i: NXB KHXH. [12] Trà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §n Ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c Thà ªm (2000), Hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœng lià ªn kà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t văn bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ng Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t, NXB GiaÃÅ' o duÃÅ' £c. In English [13] Algeo, J., Pyles, T., Wadsworth, T. (2005), The Origins and Development of the English Language, Heinle. [14] Austin, J.L. (1955), How to do things with words, Oxford University Press. [15] Beaugrand, R. and Dresser, W. (1981), Introduction to Text Linguistics, London / New York: Longman. [58] Pham Khac Thu (2010), An Investigation into Modality Markers Used in Political Speeches by US Presidents, MA Thesis, The University of Danang. [16] Biber, D., Conrad, S. Leech, G. (2002), Longman student grammar of spoken and written English, (3rd Ed.) England: Pearson Education Limited. [17] Borsley, R. (1999) Syntactic Theory, Second Edition, Arnold, A Member of the Hodder Headline Group [18] Brown, G. and Yule, G. (1983), Discourse Analysis, Cambridge University Press. [19] Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary, Fourth Edition, Cambridge University Press [20] Coates, J. (1983), The Semantics of Modal Auxiliaries, London/Canberra: Croom Helm. [21] Cook, G. (1989), Discourse, Oxford University Press, Oxford. [22] Crystal, D. (1992), Introducing Linguistics, Penguin, Harlow. [23] Dontcheva-Navrà ¡tilova, O. (2005), Grammatical Structures in English: Meaning in Context, Brno: Masaryk University. [25] Erhman, M. (1966), The meanings of the modals in present-day American English, The Hague:Mouton Co. [26] Galperin, I.R. (1977), Stylistics, Moscow: Higher School [27] Gee, P. (1999), An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method, London, Routledge [28] Gee, P., Green, J. (1998), Discourse analysis, learning, and social practice: A methodological study, Review of Research in Education. [29] Goffman, E. (1981), Forms of talk, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. [30] Halliday, M.A.K., Hasan, R. (1976), Cohesion in English, London: Longman. [31] Hatch, E. (1992), Discourse and Language Education, Cambridge University Press. [32] Le Thi Hoang Van (2008), An Investigation into Linguistic Features of Antithesis in Political Speeches in English and Vietnamese, MA Thesis, The University of Danang. [33] Nunan, D. (1993), Introducing Discourse Analysis, Penguin Group. [34] Nguyen Uy Dung (2010), An Investigation into Stylistic Devices in Political Speeches by US Presidents, MA Thesis, The University of Danang. [35] Nguyen Thi Hanh (2012) , An investigation into the structure of Theme Rheme in English and Vietnamese political speeches, MA Thesis, The University of Danang. [36] Pham Khac Thu (2010), An Investigation into Modality Markers Used in Political Speeches by US Presidents, MA Thesis, The University of Danang. [37] Widdowson, H.G. (1978), Teaching English as Communication, Oxford. [38] Widdowson, H.G. (1994), Linguistics, Oxford University Press. [39] Wright, L. Hope Jonathan (1996), Stylistics-A Practical Course Book, Routledge. [40] Yule, G. (1996), Pragmatics, Oxford University Press. [41] Yule, G. (1997), The study of language, Cambridge University Press. [42] Yule, G. (2006), Oxford practice Grammar Advanced with Answers, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Websites [43] https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri-s-la-s-dialogue/speeches [44] https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/sld12-43d9 [45]https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la dialogue-2013-c890 [46]http://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2011-4eac [47]https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2010-0a26 [48]https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2009-99ea [49]https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2008-2906 [50]http://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la diaogue-2007-d1ee [51]https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la dialogue-2006-f1a5

Bob Dylan and Media Distribution Channels :: Media Delivery Music Musician

Bob Dylan and the Media Throughout most of Bob Dylan's career as a musician, radio was the main form of media that was used to convey his message to the public. From the first album in the early 1960's to the 1990's, radio was and still is the main way in which the public receives his lyrics. It also remains to be the way Dylan is able to communicate his messages to us. My question is; How have the outlets of information changed through the years, and which method of the media is more effective? Is one better than the other for the purposes of relaying Dylan's messages to the public? Bob Dylan is famous for his straight forward and bold lyrics. Since the beginning of his long career as an artist, people of the United States and all across the world have not only listened to his musical talent but respected his ideas as a leader. Bob Dylan, like so many other musicians of his day, got his start on the radio. This was a way for musicians to relay messages to the rest of society. This gave people all across the world a feeling of belonging. It provided a basis for people to share common interests with others across the world. Music concerts was another way of passing Dylan's messages to the public. A typical concert performed by Dylan included fifty thousand people in an arena, and another fifty thousand outside of the gates. For the lucky ones, those which were able to enter the concert (either by paying or sneaking in), the concerts are a way which everyone is able to receive the desired message at precisely the same time. Another positive idea about concerts is; by watching someone whom they have been listening to for years, people get a sense of hope, inspiration, and the face behind the name. The third source of media that Dylan used to communicate his thoughts and music ability, was through albums. Over the course of Dylan's long career, he has released more than 40 albums. Starting in the 1960's and ending in the 1990's, when the compact disc was introduced and gained popularity. An album is a way of playing back individual songs, simply by releasing the needle on whatever song you would like played. As albums became more and more popular, Dylan was now able to convey his message to a wider variety of people.

Of Mice and Men Emotions

In the following essay I will be writing about and exploring what emotions Steinbeck conveys in his novella ‘of mice and men’. The novella was the second of Steinbeck’s ‘dustbowl’ trilogy. These books were based on Steinbeck’s own first hand experience against the back drop of depression-era America where he became concerned with the exploitation of migrant workers and exposing the institutionalized prejudices ( racism, ageism and sexism) of the migrant workers themselves, hence the trilogy.The novella shows an effective state of consciousness in which joy, fear, sorrow and hate is experienced as distinguished from cognitive and volitional state of consciousness. The main theme/ emotion that are conveyed are loneliness. Steinbeck uses many different linguistic language techniques to depict this. These include: adverbs, speech verbs, imperative verbs, adjectives, abstract nouns, rhetorical questions and many more. However the opening of the nove lla displays a bond of friendship and mutual understanding shown by George and lennie.Steinbeck writes â€Å"he pulled his hat down a little more over his eyes the way George’s hat was. † Our immediate interpretation is that Lennie looks up to George as a role model, the quote â€Å"way George’s hat was† infers that Lennie looks up to George as someone who can guide him and teach him much like a younger brother’s attitude would be towards an older sibling. Steinbeck writes â€Å"Lennie looked timidly over to him. â€Å"George? † â€Å"Yeah, what ya want? † â€Å"Where we goin’ George? †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"So you forgot that already did you? † this implies that without George, Lennie would be hopeless and would get no where because he would always be lost. When Lennie says â€Å"where we goin’† he sounds slightly worried, this will be because he knows that George will get angry at him because he is constan tly having to remind him on the objective. The word â€Å"already† suggests that Lennie is always forgetting things and George is getting more and more fed up. The adverb â€Å"timidly† implies that George often gets angry with Lennie and now Lennie has learnt to approach him differently when he is angry so he won’t get as upset.This implies their friendship is strong as they know how to approach each other showing an almost brotherly relationship. This also depicts Georges frustration and anger towards lennie however, unlike other migrant workers at the time, it does not come from the face the he is lonely and isolated but because of the fact the he someone there for him that he can talk to. George says â€Å"where the hell would you go? † the fact that this question is rhetorical shows that George knows that it’s an empty threat.However the taboo language â€Å"hell† gives the impression that George is slightly apprehensive and not entirel y convinced. This shows the worry and compassion that he has for lennie, and also showing that not only can lennie not cope without George but George cannot cope without lennie. Steinbeck’s purpose was to show George and Lennie’s bond of friendship and how unlike other migrant workers, their negative emotions does not stem from the fact that they are lonely and isolated but the fact there is a companionship and the sense of a bond between them, showing how strong their bond of friendship really is.